Hybrid Assistive Limb Free Essays

Half and half Assistive Limb (HAL-5) 1. Presentation. Individuals regularly experience the ill effects of different issue identified with their physical wellbeing, which likewise incorporate scatters of the apprehensive, vascular and integumentary frameworks, solid and neurologic sicknesses. We will compose a custom paper test on Half and half Assistive Limb or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Therefore, these infringement most likely influence the musculoskeletal framework and convolute the every day lives of these individuals. Notwithstanding, with the day by day advancement of science and innovation, specialists and innovators are attempting to make a gadget that can make life simpler for individuals with such inabilities. Until this point, a few instances of these advancements are now created. One of these advancements is a controlled exoskeleton Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-5). Cross breed Assistive Limb (HAL) is a full-body suit, which was intended to help individuals with declined muscles or spinal wounds or cerebrum issue. Presently we will portray appearance, capacities and primary qualities of this automated gadget. 2. Information and makers. The wearable-type robot â€Å"Robot Suit HAL† was made in Japan, quite by Cyberdyne, Inc. This organization was established in 2004 to misuse crafted by a gathering of artificial intelligence scientists headed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a Professor of System and Information Engineering at Tsukuba University. 4] The investigation about Hybrid Assistive Limb was begun by teacher Sankai in 1992 and went on until 1996. The aftereffect of this difficult work was HAL-1 (fig. 1), first model of HAL arrangement robots. The following robot which was worked with cardinally other plan is HAL-3 (fig. 2). It was developed in 1999 and had been utilized for a long time. Last form of HAL robot, HAL-5 (fig. 3), was found in 2005 and still is being created by educator Yoshiyuki Sankai in his lab at University of Tsukuba. Cyberdyne Inc. has been producing and is at present appropriating of the HAL-5 to the living arrangements of Japan and Europe. Figure 1. HAL-1 robot, 1996 Figure 2. HAL-3 robot, 1999 3. Capacities and uses of the framework HAL-5 is relied upon to be applied in different fields, for example, recovery support and physical preparing support in clinical field. Likewise, it tends to be utilized in a scope of another non-military uses, for instance, in including permitting laborers to convey heavier. [4] HAL-5 encourages clients lift up to around 40 kg more than they regularly could. To be definite, a solid grown-up male, wearing this suit, can lift around 80 kg, generally twofold what he can without it. Half and half Assistive Limb can increase the general unique quality of the wearer by a factor of 2 to 10. The general idea of a HAL-5 robot is straightforward as a rule. The parts HAL are extremely simple to build, nonetheless, the multifaceted nature of the HAL happens fundamentally in its programming and method of working. Educator Sankai says that â€Å"the suit distinguishes black out biosignals on the outside of the skin when the human cerebrum attempts to move the exoskeleton†. At the point when the Robot Suit recognizes these signs, it causes the client to move. HAL-5 can work inside and outside; in spite of the fact that, it is firmly prescribed to utilize this suit inside until better batteries permit progressively delayed use. One of the principle points of interest of this robot is the capacity to change between two kinds of control: Cybernic Voluntary Control and Cybernic Autonomous Control. By utilizing stage exchanging with the self-ruling control work, the solid capacity of an appendage could be recreated by the HAL. In view of this ability, apparently the HAL would be viable for use in the restoration of patients experiencing loss of anxious capacity in an appendage. 4. Framework plan The most noticeable piece of the HAL-5 is the exoskeletal outline, which comprises of an edge made of nickel molybdenum and an aluminum composite. Additionally, it was reinforced by a plastic packaging and the metal bars, which is lashed to the body and helps the client remotely. The bars run along the horizontal sides of the legs and arms. Moreover, there are a few electric engines go about as the HAL-5’s muscles, which need to give fueled help to the wearer’s appendages. Right now, the absolute load of the Hybrid Assistive Limb suit is 23kg, yet man, wearing this gadget, doesn't feel any weight. It happens in light of the fact that the suit can bolster its own weight. Likewise, HAL-5 has a little pocket joined to a belt on the suit that contains a PC, Controller Unit, which controls the suit and a Wi-Fi correspondences framework. The ties at the shoulders appear as knapsack like lashes to join the battery and Controller Unit. The casing additionally has soles, which are utilized to help balance out equalization, at the closures of the leg bars to take out the requirement for the client to help the heaviness of the suit. These subtleties you can see from fig. 3, and fig. 4. Fig. 3. furthermore, Fig. 4. Framework engineering with sensors, battery and Controller Unit 5. Sensors and activation components On the side of the joint closest the corpus, two sensors are set upon the skin. One sensor is put over the muscle gathering, which makes the appendage broaden, and one on the outside of muscle gathering, which makes the appendage flex. Every sensor comprises of two cathodes which measure expected contrast between them as an element of the nerve driving forces, which cause the constriction of muscle filaments. These sensors first channel and afterward intensify the signs of passing such sort of nerve motivations. Additionally, the suit is fueled by both nickel-metal hydride and lithium battery packs. Full charge of this battery keeps going around for 2 hours and 40 minutes, with both the upper and lower body parts in real life. Cyberdyne Inc. has reported that one piece of its exploration is centered around expanding this chance to around 5 hours. HAL-5 Speficications: | Height | 1600mm| Weight | Full Body Type: 23kg | Lower body: 15kg| Battery | Drive Charged battery ( AC100V)| Continuous working time | Approximately 2 hours 40 minutes| Motions Daily Activities | Standing up from a chair| Walking| | Climbing here and there stairs| | Hold and lift substantial articles up to 80kg| Cybernic Control:| Cybernic Voluntary Control| | Cybernic Autonomous Control| Indoor and outdoor| ? | 6. Taking everything into account we can consider that the wearable-type robot HAL-5 is a device with tremendous potential for improving personal satisfaction. Likewise, the HAL-5’s edge can consolidate reused materials, which can incorporate fiberglass, certain plastics, silicon, aluminum, and steel. Such materials can likewise be recoverable for reusing into different items. Upgrades in battery effectiveness and casing weight would lessen vitality necessities, and on account of open air use, vitality prerequisites could be counterbalanced by sunlight based cells on the casing. Thus, the program is at present being proceeding and creating. Sankai says that one of his primary points is â€Å"to make innovations that are intended to serve mankind instead of for damaging purposes. † For instance, he denied offers from the U. S. Division of Defense in Washington DC and the legislature of South Korea to chip away at a robot for military use. This includes more trust in the well meaning goals of teacher Sankai. The most effective method to refer to Hybrid Assistive Limb, Essay models

The Importance of Science in our Lives Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Science in our Lives Essay Science is our capacity as people to utilize our astuteness and decide. When a friend or family member is passing on of malignant growth, what might you do? Okay do nothing conceivable to attempt to support them? Here is the place science has a job in our lives; when we need to accomplish something in any case troublesome or incomprehensible. In spite of the fact that the methods of learning science has changed throughout the years from exclusively thinking sensibly to perusing works of art to testing, the manner in which logical information is utilized has not been changed. When there is a pestilence, medication is utilized to do keeps an eye on will to fix it. At the point when the Egyptian pyramids were to be constructed, design came into utilization. However science isn't utilized uniquely for such needful or expound circumstances. They likewise show up in our day by day lives. We realize it is critical to wash ourselves consistently, just for science. The Wright siblings had the option to create the plane since they realized sight-seeing rises, and from that point forward, we have had the option to utilize their innovation to travel huge spans in brief timeframes. We people would be so weak without science. Science is our insight into the universe. It is normal to have for a being who thinks. On the off chance that we didn't have science, it would mean we are plain creatures persuaded absolutely by impulse. Our meaning of life as a human would not exist. Incredible are the favors of science. In any case, our intelligence isn't finished, and can lead us to foul up. Immediately, science can be a revile. We have changed the traveler plane into a contender. Cameras for keeping recollections spy on individuals. Phones for discussions are utilized to menace plays games, and even detonate trains. Our voracity, disdain, dread, mischievousness, and idiocy have delivered horrible employments of what our logical information has assembled. As we as a whole know from Spiderman, With incredible force comes extraordinary obligation. Science gives us choices to do or not to do. In spite of the fact that every alternative has its outcomes, it is an unmistakable quality which obviously isolates us from creatures. How we use it will incredibly impact the lives of every single one of us.

Finding Essay Samples About a College Professor

Finding Essay Samples About a College ProfessorIf you want to find essay samples about a college professor, then the article below can help you with that. Writing essays isn't easy so if you are having trouble writing one then you need to start looking at ways to learn how to write more effectively.A good college professor is one who doesn't get too bogged down in detail and who will try to keep the essay to a minimum and instead have it flow smoothly and clearly. This is difficult to do but it's a skill that develops over time and it really is quite important for someone taking an essay exam. The reason that an essay isn't polished is because the student is trying to cover so much ground, has so many different points to make and takes themselves so long to deliver it all.So, if you want to find essay samples about a college professor then the first thing you should look for is whether or not the college uses a typewriter for grading. If they do then go back and re-read your essay, t rying to find what makes it too dense. Sometimes, it's down to a typo or a punctuation error but sometimes it's down to a lack of concentration on your part.Don't rush your writing. The pace is slow enough but try to write at a decent pace. It's not always easy to stay focused and your writer's block can creep in but give yourself enough time to get through your essay before you give up. Then you'll know where you are going wrong and have time to fix it.When you are looking for essay samples about a college professor then try not to get too technical. You should be able to talk to the reader without them getting bored or put off by how technical it is. A good example is where I'm taking an essay on the benefits of 'ruthless competitiveness'. My college lecturer was a politician and he didn't have to stick his nose into the minutiae of every individual's life as it wouldn't have mattered anyway.It is also good to try and look at where your subject is coming from but not in a technica l way, just get them talking about things that they already know about. For example, if you're taking an essay on how to choose a boyfriend, tell your subject that you've got a boyfriend now. Your subject will be happy and have loads of fond memories.Look at what essay samples about a college professor you like and add something of your own. A lot of the time the lecturer will comment on one of your essays and then you can write something as a result. Try not to repeat material because it can mean that your essay becomes disjointed and your subject will also find it difficult to put their thoughts together.Last but not least, try to make your essay as interesting as possible and make sure that you use every word correctly. If you need help on this then make sure you ask the lecturer for help and do all the necessary work to ensure that your essay is flawless.

Essay about Immense Heroism in Homer’s Iliad - 1664 Words

Immense Heroism in Homer’s Iliad The Iliad opens with the anger of Peleus son, Achilleus, (1.1) and closes with the burial of Hektor, breaker of horses (24.804).1 The bracketing of the poem with descriptions of these two men suggests both their importance and their connection to one another. They lead parallel lives as the top fighters in their respective armies, and, as the poem progresses, their lives and deaths become more and more closely linked. They each struggle to fulfill the heroic ideal, and they both grapple with temptations that lure them away from heroism. While Hektor embodies the human heroic ideal, Achilleus strives to surpass human heroism to achieve some identification with the divine. These delusions of†¦show more content†¦He is also very attached to his wife, Andromache, the rest of his family, and the entire city of Troy. When he travels into Troy to fetch Paris, he makes a deliberate detour to visit his family and they bid him to remain within the city walls. But although he loves hi s family intensely, he resists the temptation to remain with them. He says that he must answer the call to win for my own self great glory (6.446). He is determined to stay on the path of the hero, but it is very difficult for him to resist the pull of his loved ones. Just before his fatal encounter with Achilleus, he is almost swayed by his family to stay within the walls of Troy. Why does the heart within me debate on these things? he asks himself. (22.122) He is constantly torn between heroism and familial ties, but he finally chooses the path of glory as he turns to face Achilleus, his murderer. Achilleus, on the other hand, strays from the way of the hero by denying his mortality and fancying himself a god. He is, after all, the son of a goddess. But Thetis could not endow her son with immortality, only with greatness. 2 Achilleus attitude towards the battles taking place just outside his ship is reminiscent of how the immortal gods react to the battles. For most of the poem, he sits back from the fighting and observes it from afar. When the members of the embassy come to entice him back into the battle, they find him delighting his heart in aShow MoreRelatedThe Iliad And The Odyssey1317 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, both Achilles and Odysseus go through intense acts of heroism, internal and external hardships, and fluctuations in confidence. During the epic, The Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, has to endure many hardships which show. He has to show tremendous amounts of heroism and confidence just to keep his crew and himself alive. He has to rival and face many gods that despise him along with many humans. This theme can also be reflected from Homer’s The Iliad, where theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1641 Words   |  7 Pagesrealization of the fact that King Hamlet was betrayed. EZ Hyperion is one of the 12 titans, born of Gaia and Uranus, who represented the Earth and Sky correspondingly. He is the god of light and fitting titled the â€Å"High One†. Along with possessing immense power himself, he is also the father of a major Heavenly bodies, like the sun God Helios and the moon Goddess Selene. Hyperion is a symbol of power and is considered the Titan of the pillar of the East. Hyperion, along with the other Titans, was overthrownRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost2283 Words   |  10 Pagespeople write Epics, to tell of cultures unknown to many, and interpret stories of the past. The genre of the Epic poem has been molded by the authors and storytellers, as each author writes different stories and comes from different cultures. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey would not have had the Trojan war as such an integral event if the city-states of Troy and the Greek city-states had not been warring so often. Paradise Lost would not have been written the way it was if at all if Christian societies

Creationism vs. Evolution Essay - 1349 Words

Creationism is the theory that man, the earth, and the rest of the universe was originally created rather than randomly exploding from nothingness into chance existence. We reside on the surface of a small superbly crafted, autonomous self regulating space vehicle. Together with survival, conquest and death we bear witness to beauty, fragrances, love and music. Think about this. Mathematics, philosophy, springtime, depravity, farming, courtship, quasars, and iphones; all came from nothingness?, formed by chance......? Of all the generations thus far to inhabit the Earth, we have the least excuse for not recognizing the quiet presence of The Scientific Mathematician who set everything into motion around us. We should be in awe, not†¦show more content†¦quot;And God said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit trees yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: And it was so. quot;And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding, fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind; and God saw that it was good. quot;And the evening and the morning were the third day. quot;And God said let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years. quot;And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light upon the earth; and it was so. quot;And God made two great lights: The greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night: He made the stars also. quot;And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth. quot;And to rule over the day and over the night and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. quot;And the evening, and the morning were the fourth day. quot;And God said, let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath light, and fowls that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. quot;And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind,Show MoreRelatedEvolution Creationism Vs. Creationism924 Words   |  4 PagesAny point of contact with the scientific world in the 21st century will eventually lead one to the one of the most hotly contested topic in American education, that of evolution versus creationism. While the creationist point of view, as well as the evolutionary perspective, hosts a great variation of opinion amongst its supporters, Christianity is brought to the center stage time after time (Vuletic, 1994). Literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis’ account of creation falls contrary to theRead More Evolution Vs. Creationism Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution vs. Creationism Abstract In the history of science vs. religion there have been no issues more intensely debated than evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of religious belief. Human creation breaks down into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all threeRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has itsRead More Evolution vs. Creationism Essay917 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution vs. Creationism The Evolution vs. Creationism controversy goes all the way back to the Publishing of Origin of Species in 1859 by Darwin laying the foundation for the evolution of life to be understood. Scientists are continuously finding more evidence to support Darwin’s conclusion; that organisms descended from a common ancestor modified by the mechanism of natural selection resulting in the evolution of species adapting to their environment. The following are the main geological topicsRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Where we come from is a question as old as mankind itself. There are countless numbers of religions, each with their own twist on the origins of earth and mankind, but one of the most highly visible debates would be creationism vs. evolution. Depending on where your beliefs lie, the Earth has been around somewhere in the neighborhood of 6,000 years to 4.5 billion years. One would tend to believe that this vast differe nce in time would make it impossible to have 2 â€Å"theories† thatRead MoreCreationism Vs. Evolution1130 Words   |  5 Pages Where do we come from? The creation of the world has been told through many different stories, and from a variety of religions across the world. The argument between evolution and creation has been debated back and forth for years. So how do we know which claim is correct? Has all life evolved from simple bacteria to all the species that appear today, or did life on earth begin with Gods creation of Adam from dust and his partner Eve from adam’s rib bone. As a child I grew up attending church everyRead MoreEvolution Vs. Creationism Debate1265 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will be explaining two sides of the evolution vs. creationism debate. The topics I am going to write about are fossil evidence, the origin of life, and Darwin’s â€Å"theory† of natural selection. I will be presenting a view of both sides of the argument they will be on the creation side and evolution standpoint. I would suggest that you, the reader, would have a previous knowledge of all the topics so that you may get a full understanding of both sides. If there is no prior knowledgeRead MoreCreationism Vs. Evolution Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagespublished his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which proposed the theory of evolution. This book, along with others that followed, began the long dispute between evolutionist and creationist. Were we created by a supernatural Supreme Being, or did our creation occur purely by chance? First, lets look at the two conflicting theories. Common usage of the term â€Å"evolution† is that living things in our world have come into existence through unguided naturalistic processesRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolution Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesassumptions with empirically deduced scientific theories. The Catholic Church had a nasty habit of persecuting such ideological dissent toward creationism, calling it heresy and thereby somewhat suppressing a complete upheaval of the Scriptures. For many centuries to come, the scientific research grew and developed into theories like the Big Bang and evolution, though primarily in places where such progress was tolerated. The state of Tennessee in 1925 was not such a place. In the town of DaytonRead MoreEssay on Evolution VS. Creationism1412 Words   |  6 Pagesof man and how all living things acquired their characteristics. The two main theories that arose over time were Creationism and Evolution, both of which provided very distinct answers to this question. Creationism based its answer on the idea of a supernatural power or being that created the entire unive rse, man and the numerous other organisms that live within it. While, Evolution theorizes that all living things have the potential to change and grow over time into something new and different

Personal Variables And Communication Behaviors - 790 Words

Identify one instance in the video where there was a misperception. Perception is the process of making meaning from people. Misperception would be to perceive someone incorrectly. Floyd (2011) One instance from the video where I believe there was misperception, was when Kathy perceives Alberto to be a man who does not like to communicate with females. Laureate Education (2014) Kathy didn t get a chance to speak, so I am not sure about Alberto s perception of her interpersonal commucation. Kathy s perception of Alberto s interpersonal communication is that he isn t a very good communicator. He interrupts her and doesn t listen to her. He doesn t like communcating with females and his perception of her is that she is just an employee and perceives her as beneath him. He doesn t think too highly of her as a female. Laureate Education (2014) Describe the personal variables that contribute to the interpersonal communication behaviors you saw in this situation. Personal variables do contribute to interpersonal communiation behaviors. I believe the personal variables I say in this situation were age, culture, and gender. These personal variables did impact the situation. I didn t see Alberto, but I do think there is an age gap, which causes condescending behavor. I think Alberto was condescending to Kathy. Again, I didn t see Alberto, but by his name I think he could be Spanish. Kathy was Caucasion and had an accent. So, I think there could be aShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Enhanced Personal Responsibility And Choice1294 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This experimental study was carried out to examine â€Å"the effects of enhanced personal responsibility and choice† on a group of residents who were living a decision-free nursing home environment. 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Mise En Scene free essay sample

An analysis on how Mise-en-scene and sound create meaning and generate response in the film Marnie, by Alfred Hitchcock. The scene is of Mark trying to rekindle Marnie’s memories from the night of her mother’s ‘accident’: Marnie, having seeing Mark trying to hold back her mother’s punches, begins to remember parts from that night. The first shot, of Marnie, her mother and Mark, uses Mise-en-scene to show the higher achy within the three characters. Whereas towards the beginning Hitchcock had always had Marnie positioned higher than other characters to show her importance and power, he now has her positioned lower than the other two characters; she is constantly being looked down on by both Mark and her mother. It introduces the aspect of her being childlike because she is now having to look up to other people and being talked down to rather than on an equal level. We will write a custom essay sample on Mise En Scene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This idea is reinforced when she begins speaking as though she were back to the time of the ‘accident’ – her words are spoken erratic and panicked. Another example Hitchcock shows to imply the idea of Marnie being childlike is that all of the movements and gestures that are directed towards Marnie, are those that would be expected to occur between a parent and child. Although the speech within the first shot is Diegetic Sound; there are two sub-types within the shot. All speech up until when Marnie speaks to tell Mark to let her mother go is simple diegetic sound. However when Marnie begins speaking the sound briefly becomes both simple diegetic; as she is speaking in the present to both Mark and her mother, and displaced diegetic sound; as she is saying these words also from her past. As the scene moves forward slightly external non diegetic sound is introduced with the diegetic sound. The background music is the same sound sequence repeated multiple times, but increasing the volume as it is repeated. This background music creates a tense atmosphere as they are waiting to see whether or not Marnie will remember. The tense atmosphere is reinforced with having the simple diegetic sound of the rain going on outside of the house. Hitchcock has Marnie’s costume as expensive clothing that would communicate to the audience that the person wearing them is rich and powerful. However he contrasts this by her appearance in the clothes and the makeup that she is wearing; Marnie’s appearance appears to be dishevelled, hair all over the place and untidy unlike earlier in the film where it was tied back without a hair out of place. The use of use blocking that Hitchcock uses in this shot o show the identification of Marnie as detached from the other characters. She is always, in this scene, further away from others to create difference and the show that Mark and her mother cant break into her world of thought. The external diegetic sound used whilst she is trying to remember her also creates the feeling that she is lost; going in repetitive circles trying to build to the point where she can r emember her childhood memory. Hitchcock has the character Mark wear a large amount of white clothing in this scene, the white clothing is also apparent in the flashback in the next shot. The white clothing was used as a way to break in to Marnie’s memories so that she could begin to remember; it brought her back to that night by portraying Mark as the man in her flash back. The simple diegetic sound of Mark knocking on the wall also succeeds in portraying Mark as the ‘man in the white suit’. During the flashback, there is very little colour apparent in the shot; the only colour shown that isn’t dark browns or greys, is the colour of each of the three characters present in the flashback. This symbolises the significance of them in the flashback; the place in which they are in is not the main focus, Hitchcock has chosen the costumes so that the stand out from the surrounding that they are in. This allows the audience to interpret that this flashback is purposely to show the incident that took place that night, and that it is the action and not the scenery that is going to be important. Between the shots of Marnie’s flashback and her back in the present, Hitchcock has used a sound bridge over both shots. In both shots there is lightning going on which is significant in the reasoning behind Marnie’s fear, as well as pointing out that she is coming closer to figuring out what happened that night to make her the way she is now. Hitchcock intended the lightning to be a significant trigger to Marnie’s memories and using that, as well as the similarities in clothing between Mark and the ‘man in the white suit, help to break through the emotional block that Marnie has on her memories of the night. The lightning symbolises a warning in her flashback, as it highlight over the man holding Marnie, that something bad is going to take place. As the fight takes place within the scene all of the simple diegetic sound becomes echoed in the shot, slipping in and out of displaced diegetic sound as Hitchcock switches between the past and present. This is used to show the confusion that Marnie’s in; how she is mentally between both the past and present, believing that she is experience her past while she is with Mark and her mother. When Marnie’s mother reaches for the fire instrument Hitchcock uses a complete contrast in colours; the weapon is a dark colour, as if foreshadowing the death that the weapon is going to be used for, it symbolises something bad and dangerous. And when the weapon is lifted all that you can see it the white clothing of the man. These two contrasts allow the audience to experience that something is going to happen with that weapon, and that the white clothing that the man is wearing is going to be tainted and changed when they are connected. Throughout the shots of the present and Marnie’s past, other than the simple diegetic sound of the speech between characters and the sound effects of the weapon impacts; Hitchcock has the two shots in complete silence. The silence ensures that all focus is clearly on the action taking place and symbolises the silence that Marnie has been in all those years with not being able to explain to both herself and anyone else why she is afraid of a man’s touch, or the lightning, or the colour red. The sound of Marnie crying in both the present and the past also shows her vulnerability to the event and refers back to her being presented as childlike in the first paragraph. The weapon in the next shot is foregrounded to show that, as Marnie got up from her chair, she is going to take it. This gives the audience the chance to wonder whether or not Marnie will actually pick up the weapon. When she does pick it up, Hitchcock uses the contrast between the size of the weapon and Marnie’s hands to symbolise the fact that it does not belong in her hands; she is too small and powerless compare to the weapon that is in her hands. When Marnie lifts the weapon above her head there is a brief moment in which Hitchcock allows the camera to linger longer on the shot of her holding it over her head. This could have been intended as a way for the audience to believe that Marnie is hesitating on actually going through with attacking the man with it. However as she begins to bring down the weapon there is the thunder and lightning that flashes in the window besides Marnie as she finally makes the impact. This lightning symbolises the final decision as she brings it down towards the man and the break though into Marnie’s memories: as well as symbolising the breaking of her innocence that night when she killed the man. The next shot breaks the silence of not having any non diegetic sound. As Marnie screams Hitchcock gives the audience a point of view shot in which we see exactly what Marnie is seeing. The diegetic sound is loud and creates tension as it repeats one sound sequence. It allows the audience to soak up the true nature of what Marnie’s done as we see the blood soaked in to the man’s contrasting white shirt. The amount of blood stained onto the shirt almost covers the whole shot as we only see small amounts of white left visible. The white symbolises the innocence that Marnie thought she had, but now the memories of that night have destroyed and tainted what she thought. When Hitchcock zooms the camera forward into the blood, he brings the red colour forward and makes it appear more vibrant. This symbolises all of Marnie’s memories becoming clear and the fact that she can’t hide from the truth anymore because it’s clear and in front of her.

Public Policy Essay Example

Public Policy Essay Final Paper Brittany Baity PPA603: Government Budgeting (MBQ 1118A) Instructor:   Chiji Ohayia June 06, 2011 Public policy is the study of policy making by governments. A governments public policy is the set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses. (Lee, Johnson, Joyce, 2008) Since governments claim authority and responsibility (to varying degrees) over a large group of individuals, they see fit to establish plans and methods of action that will govern that society. I will discuss the possible funding options for reducing Georgia’s sex offender rate, evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues, and develop a revenue policy that aligns with community values. It is a parent’s nightmare: a son or daughter is abducted, sexually assaulted and murdered by a predator that had been lurking, undetected, in their community. In 2006, President George W. Bush signed the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, which mandated the maintenance of a national registry of sex offenders, greatly expanded the legal definition of sex offenses and sex offenders, and established Project Safe Childhood program within the U. S. Department of Justice, Project Safe Childhood includes grants to states to help combat Internet predators as well as to help fund civil commitments, and aims to coordinate federal, state and local efforts to vigorously investigate and prosecute crimes against children, including sexual assault, child pornography, and kidnapping. Brown, 2009) Since the mid 1990’s, sex offenders policy in Georgia has become increasingly more punitive and restrictive. (Williams, 2011) Anyone convicted of a sex crime is required to register as a sex offender. This person will have his or her personal details and crimes committed listed on Web-based notification sites for the remainder of his or her life, and will have restrictions on where he or she can live and will be recommended to a treatment center following release from prison. The core assumption that most children are sexually assaulted by strangers who are repeat offenders has not been supported by research. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A statistical report published by the Georgia Department of Justice in 2000 revealed that only seven percent of offenders who sexually assaulted juveniles aged 0 to 17 were strangers to their victims; the vast majority of juveniles were assaulted by an acquaintance e. g. family friend, babysitter, neighbor, teacher, coach, or religious leader. This report also included that sexual assault of children ages twelve and under has been characterized by subjective assessments or typical high profile crimes for too long. Brown, 2009) Those who argue that current policies are based on inaccurate assumptions about the perpetrators or sexual assaults against children are often quickly silenced by those who point to the horrific crimes committed by a few sadistic repeat offenders. Many experts agree that current sex offender policies—including registration, community notification, mandatory sentencing, civil commitment, and GPS tracking aimed at convicted sex offenders—do nothing to protect children from the individuals who are most likely to sexually assault them. Studies show that there are more than 500,000 registered sex offenders in the United States, and there are an estimated 100,000 sex offenders who are missing from the system. (Brown, 2009) Loopholes in this current system have allowed some sexual predators to evade law enforcement and place our children at risk. Some may wonder why there is such a focus on sex offenders. Why is there such a focus on pedophiles and sex offenders and rapists? The reason is, if Georgian’s look at the statistics it has the highest recidivist offender rate of any crime, even higher than murderers and armed robbery. As a society, people must share revulsion for what these criminals do to our children. The crimes are so terrible, that people are uncomfortable talking about them, but if people are to make real progress such as organizing community meetings, law enforcement become more aggressive and also create more victim groups. The Government created a Project Safe Childhood which is a program to protect children from rapist and sex offenders. The Project Safe Childhood will make a ground for a national zero-tolerance culture. The Project Safe Childhood program is a strong three-legged stool: one leg is the federal contributions led by the United States Attorneys around the country, another is state and local law enforcement, including the Internet Crimes Against Children task forces funded by the Department’s Office of Justice Programs and the third is non-governmental organizations, like the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. [NCMEC] (Geffner, 2008) Under the Project Safe Childhood structure, state, local and federal partners are seeking the toughest sentences possible. The Government has made half a million dollars available for the Project Safe Childhood program. This program intends to bring state and local law enforcem ent together with federal prosecutors from their regions. Cooperative law-enforcement work on the registry has already led to some great stories of success. The first case brought under the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act involved a fugitive who was arrested by the Social Security Administration for allegedly using a false name and another man’s Social Security number as he tried to set up a new identity for himself. It turns out that this individual was convicted for assaulting a police officer and possession of sexually exploitive material in Idaho in 2003 and he was wanted on a probation violation in another state for failing to register as a sex offender. He had done so at his first address, but did not re-register when he moved and then fled the state. Deputy U. S. Marshals working with the Social Security Administration and the local U. S. Attorney’s office built a case against the man and he was charged via criminal complaint for failing to register as a sex offender. The charges were brought in October 2006, making this the first case charged under the new act. (Geffner, 2008) The importance of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King said that â€Å"History will have to record that the greatest tragedy of this period of social transition was not the strident clamor of the bad people, but the appalling silence of the good people. † (Schuster, 2010)As a community we must seed our communities with our knowledge and our passion. Remember that this communication starts with each other, the Project Safe Childhood partners. U. S. Attorney’s offices need to be calling their state and local partners constantly. When working together several of these problems will begin to cease. Politicians, child advocates, and journalists denounce current sex offender laws as ineffective and flawed, yet are rarely able to articulate exactly why new laws are needed. Instead, they cite each news story about a kidnapped child or web predator as proof that more laws are needed, as if sex crimes would cease if only the penalties were harsher, or enough people were monitored. The fact that rare crimes continue to be committed does not necessarily imply that current laws against those crimes are inadequate. By that standard, any law is ineffective if someone violates that law. (Geffner, 2008) Nearly all of the sex offender policy issues currently debated including registration, community notification, residency restrictions, civil commitment, classification of juveniles as sex offenders, mandatory sentencing, the death penalty, and castration all involve achieving an effective balance of public safety, maintaining individual civil liberties, and a just and efficient allocation of resources. Those who participate in the public discourse on sex offender policy share a desire to protect children and reduce sexual assault but differ greatly in their opinions about the rights of offenders and their assessment of just and effective punishment and management of sex offenders. Many lawmakers and political pundits argue that sex offenders’ rights are forfeited when they commit crimes against children. They support their arguments by citing cases in which repeat offenders have assaulted and murdered children after they have been released from prison; for such offenders, these commentators argue, no punishment is too harsh and no price is too high. On the other side of the debate, civil libertarians and victims’ rights advocates, mental health professionals, defense attorneys, and members of the law enforcement community assert that there are too many restrictions place on too many offenders. Furthermore, opponents of stricter policies argue that such measures result in unfairly harsh penalties for individuals including juveniles, teens who engaged in consensual sex, and those arrested for public urination and indecent exposure. These individuals are labeled as sex offenders but pose no threat of violence to their communities. Public safety and federal, state, and local budgets would be better served, by targeting only those sex offenders who commit forcible sex crimes or demonstrate a tendency toward violence. A case which illustrates the complexities of the debate over whether current sex offender policies are just and effective is that of Genarlow Wilson, who was sentenced to 10 years in prison without possibility of parole in 2005 after he was videotaped having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old girl at a 2003 New Years Eve party in Georgia. Oral sex between teens constituted aggravated child molestation and carried a mandatory sentence under a Georgia state law in effect in 2003. The Georgia law was changed in 2006, and now consensual oral sex between teens is a misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of one year behind bars with no requirement to register as a sex offender. (Williams, 2011) Mandy of the most thoughtful commentators on the prevention of sexual violence urge a public health approach to the problem of sexual violence. Sexual violence, like the classic infectious diseases, smallpox, measles, has widespread negative effects on our society. The public health approach, a systematic application of scientific learning aimed at understanding and addressing root causes, could help effectively reduce sexual violence in the same way that it has controlled many infectious diseases. The public health approach entails a systematic method of analysis, a way of seeing the problem in a larger, more contextualized framework. It divides interventions into three categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention efforts focus on stopping sexually abusive behaviors before it starts. The public health approach is aimed at changing the conditions that produce the problem. Secondary programs focus on those at high risk for offending as well as stopping recent sexual offenders from re-offending. Tertiary prevention involves trying to stop future violence by those who have a history of offending behaviors. (Brown, 2009) The public health approach uses systematic and empirically based information for deciding how best to attack a public health problem like sexual violence. It consciously looks beyond individual characteristics or offenders to identify causes that exist at a societal of community level. These classic steps that enabled public health to conquer infectious disease aim to address violence comprehensively. The first step is ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors. The second step is identifying causes through research, and the third step is the development and evaluation of programs. Finally, the public health model engages in dissemination and implementation communicating which preventive programs work based on evaluation of data and putting these programs into practice. The public health approach helps us understand the difference between thinking about a problem like sexual violence at the scale of individuals and thinking about it from the perspective of the population as a whole. The public health approach allows us to see that there is collective risk as well as individual risk, and that the worst of the worst account for only a fraction of the collective risk posed by sexual violence. The public health approach, by insisting on empirically based policies for reducing exual violence. Unlike the conventional narrow and politicized approach that values only punishment, public health advocates understand the need for a comprehensive approach addressing all levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. (Schuster, 2010) The predator laws exemplify an approach that is 180 degrees from these public health principles. The predator laws were not based on research. They make no pretense of attacking the root causes of sexual violence or changing the conditions that produce it. Rather, they take a simple containment approach to those who are already identified as dangerous offenders. Far from being comprehensive, they focus only on a small part of the problem, a part that is far removed from the root causes or the experiences of most victims of sexual violence. There has been little research about the effectiveness of the predator law approaches and little reason to believe that they have reduced the scope of sexual violence in any meaningful way. The public health approach allows people to see what a focus on identified individual offender’s hides: the value and necessity of primary prevention, because most sexual violence does not show up in the criminal justice system, most will remain unaddressed by secondary and tertiary interventions. Primary prevention is proactive, while the secondary and tertiary methods are reactive. Primary prevention aims at addressing sexual violence before it happens. Secondary and tertiary approaches become applicable only after an offender has begun abusing victims. Although primary prevention programs are in their infancy, and their effectiveness is as yet unproven, they have a number of attractions. They are relatively cheap and can reach large numbers of people. They aim to change root causes of sexual violence by addressing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors and thus stop sexual violence before it begins. Secondary and tertiary approaches, in contrast, do not address new entrants into sexual offending, but confine their attention to those who have already offended. Another key advocate of public health approaches is Kathleen Basile, an official with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Basile states that â€Å"more attention should be given to primary prevention of sexual violence if real gains are to be made in decreasing this problem. † Basile argues that â€Å"national campaigns against sexual violence in the media could affect rates of sexual offending by gradually influencing societal norms that condone sexual aggression. † She cites campaigns regarding the use of utomobile seat belts, â€Å"largely because the norms about wearing seat belts have changed through public awareness combined with changes in laws. † Smoking cessation campaigns provide another example of the larger society getting involved in preventing a widespread problem. She also stated that â€Å"the same societal urgency needs to be established around decreasing sexual violence perpetration by involving the public in large-scale sexual viol ence preventive efforts. † (Brown, 2009) Primary prevention programs are largely in the developmental stage. Restorative justice approaches seek to facilitate offender reintegration while emphasizing the importance of accountability and community safety. The restorative justice movement argues that restorative approaches produce greater prospects of safety, because they place offenders within a web of relationships that helps ensure accountability is on redressing harm to the victim. These programs operate at both the internal and external levels, providing â€Å"opportunities for hop and recovery† and a feeling of acceptance, along with the kinds of family and community connections that enable the community to exert its normal forms or control. The key is the ability for these programs to accommodate and promotes both â€Å"accountability and understanding. † The laws have failed so miserably, reform of statutes of limitations is needed for all victims, past and present. The solution needs no task force or further study. It is clear: statutes of limitations for sexual abuse of children need to be abolished. Murder has no statute of limitations because the victim can never speak for himself or herself. Child abuse is a little different. It involves a heinous crime, a powerless and vulnerable victim incapable of speaking for himself or herself and the murder of the victim’s very childhood and soul. On July 20, 2005 the U. S. Department of Justice launched the National Sex Offender Public Registry (NSOPR), a searchable Web site that links state and territory sex-offender public registries and allows users access to public information on sex offenders throughout the country. NSOPR, which currently links to 22 state registries, offers information on almost 200,000 registered sex offenders nationwide. America’s communities have long awaited a national site to search for sex offenders. NSOPR was built in partnership with federal, state, and private sector partners. (Brown, 2009) NSOPR allows states to maintain control over their own data. States are actively participating in this unprecedented public safety opportunity in large part because they retain control over their public sex-offender data, rather than submitting it to a costly or difficult-to-maintain national repository. By design, once a query has been entered, NSOPR simply delivers users to the state site hosting the information. NSOPR is cost-effective for both citizens and states. Unlike some Web sites that claim to offer national sex-offender information, NSOPR does not require users to submit extensive personal information or to pay a fee to access the information they seek. Equally important, states bear no cost to link to the site, which has cost the Department of Justice and its partners just under $1 million to design and deliver. From a technology standpoint, NSOPR bandwidth, as well load capacity, will be added to enlarge the tunnel through which queries travel, allowing searches to reach state public sex-offender registries more quickly. NSOPR currently gives concerned citizens easy-to-use and free access to information on two out every live registered sex offenders in the United States. In the absence of an informed public debate on the re-entry of those who have been convicted of sex crimes, fear-based laws are being enacted across the country. Recent trends have made community re-entry across the country. Recent trends have made community re-entry the trigger point for society’s most venomous and simplistic responses toward people with a history of sexually offending. Ironically, the re-entry process also has the potential to become one of the best forums for creating the conditions for a safer community and preventing the sexual abuse of children. In many instances, the general public and policy-makers continue to hold beliefs that are not based on the current research. As a result, laws have several assumptions embedded in them that impact re-entry negatively and are not supported by the scientific evidence. As a culture, we have historically opted for silence and denial rather than to educate ourselves with accurate information about child sexual abuse or even about sexuality in general. The current vituperative and punitive tone evidenced in the media and policy discussions begs the question of whether or not those with sexual behavior problems feel they can come forward and seek help. Creating the conditions for openness about sexually disordered and sexually exploitive behavior includes addressing the need for factual information. The state-by-state sex offender registries were meant to assist law enforcement and probation and parole officers in the supervision of those who have been convicted of sex crimes, not to create conditions of greater danger to community members. The Georgia Legislature’s passage of harsh new restrictions on registered sex offenders prompted Stop It Now! Georgia’s public education is a critical first step in protecting children from child sexual abuse. In accordance with O. C. G. A.  §Ã‚  42-1-12, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) is the central repository for Georgias Violent Sexual Offender Registry. Williams, 2011) The Georgia Bureau of Investigation makes every effort to ensure that the information contained in the Georgia Sex Offender Registry is accurate. As the information is provided by other agencies and entities and is continuously changing, the GBI makes no promise or any express or implied guarantee concerning the accuracy of this information. The G eorgia Public Policy Foundation (GPPF) is a free-market think tank based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The President and Chief Executive Officer is Rogers Wade. Its board of directors currently includes twenty seven men and women from around the state. The foundation were established in the fall of 1991. The mission of the foundation is to be the most respected and influential source of public policy research, analysis and education in Georgia. The foundation states its belief that good public policy is based upon fact, an understanding of sound economic principles and the core principles of our free enterprise system economic freedom, limited government, personal responsibility, individual initiative, respect for private property and the rule of law. In 2004, the foundation was ranked in the November-December issue of James Magazine for being No. 1 for highest integrity and No. 3 for most knowledgeable among business organizations or state associations. (Williams, 2011) At its best, community re-entry becomes a cooperative process with a role for all of use to play in preventing future sexual assaults, whether as a private citizen, a publi c official, or agency professional. True primary prevention demands that each of us be accountable for educating ourselves with a clear understanding of the facts, so we as American citizens can take the necessary actions in our personal and professional lives to prevent the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children. To conclude, Public policy is policies making by governments. A governments public policy is the set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses. Since governments claim authority and responsibility (to varying degrees) over a arge group of individuals, they see fit to establish plans and methods of action that will govern that society. Georgia has several different programs that benefit victims and their families after being victimized. The federal government funds these programs and makes them available to everyone in the community. People have to become more aware of sexual offenders in our community. This is a crime that continues to rise if the Public does not take action to i t immediately. Reference Page: Brown, Mark 2009. Dangerous Offenders: Punishment and Social Order. New York: NY Geffner, Robert 2008 Identifying and Treating Sex Offenders: Current Approaches, Research, and Techniques. Binghamton, NY; The Haworth Maltreatment ; Trauma Press Lee, R. D. , Johnson, R. W. , ; Joyce, P. G. (2008) Public budgeting systems (8th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Schuster II, W. Michael 2010 For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Plans of Reorganization New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing, LLC Williams, Cathy The Georgia Public Policy foundation retrieved from http://www. gppf. org/ on June 5, 2011

Code Switching Definition and Examples in Language

Code Switching Definition and Examples in Language Code switching (also code-switching, CS) is the practice of moving back and forth between two languages  or between two dialects or registers of the same language at one time. Code switching  occurs far more often in  conversation  than in  writing. It is also called code-mixing and style-shifting.  It is studied by linguists to examine when people do it, such as under what circumstances do bilingual speakers switch from one to another, and it is studied by sociologists to determine why people do it, such as how it relates to their belonging to a group or the surrounding context of the conversation (casual, professional, etc.) Examples and Observations Code-switching performs several functions (Zentella, 1985). First, people may use code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches). Second, code-switching is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using the second language). Third, code-switching is used to exert control, especially between parents and children. Fourth, code-switching is used to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group). Code-switching also functions to announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships (Johnson, 2000, p. 184). (William B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences: Effective Intergroup Communication, 4th ed. Sage, 2004)In a relatively small Puerto Rican neighborhood in New Jersey, some members freely used code-switching styles and extreme forms of bo rrowing both in everyday casual talk and in more formal gatherings. Other local residents were careful to speak only Spanish with a minimum of loans on formal occasions, reserving code-switching styles for informal talk. Others again spoke mainly English, using Spanish or code-switching styles only with small children or with neighbors. (John J. Gumperz and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, Introduction: Language and the Communication of Social Identity. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge University Press, 1982) African-American Vernacular English and Standard American English It is common to find references to black speakers who code switch between AAVE [African-American Vernacular English] and SAE [Standard American English] in the presence of whites or others speaking SAE. In employment interviews (Hopper WIlliams, 1973; Akinnaso Ajirotutu, 1982), formal education in a range of settings (Smitherman, 2000), legal discourse (Garner Rubin, 1986), and various other contexts, it is advantageous for blacks to have code-switching competence. For a black person who can switch from AAVE to SAE in the presence of others who are speaking SAE, code switching is a skill that holds benefits in relation to the way success is often measured in institutional and professional settings. However, there are more dimensions to code switching than the black/white patterns in institutional settings. (George B. Ray, Language and Interracial Communication in the United States: Speaking in Black and White. Peter Lang, 2009) A Fuzzy-Edged Concept The tendency to reify code switching as a unitary and clearly identifiable phenomenon has been questioned by [Penelope] Gardner-Chloros (1995: 70), who prefers to view code switching as a fuzzy-edged concept. For her, the conventional view of code switching implies that speakers make binary choices, operating in one code or the other at any given time, when in fact code switching overlaps with other kinds of bilingual mixture, and the boundaries between them are difficult to establish. Moreover, it is often impossible to categorize the two codes involved in code switching as discrete and isolatable. (Donald Winford, An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) Code Switching and Language Change The role of CS, along with other symptoms of contact, in language change is still a matter of discussion. ... On the one hand, the relationship between contact and language change is now generally acknowledged: few espouse the traditional view that change follows universal, language-internal principles such as simplification, and takes place in the absence of contact with other varieties (James Milroy 1998). On the other hand, ... some researchers still downplay the role of CS in change, and contrast it with borrowing, which is seen as a form of convergence. (Penelope Gardner-Chloros, Contact and Code-Switching. The Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by Raymond Hickey. Blackwell, 2010)

A briefing paper on Housing Policy & Finance Outline

A briefing paper on Housing Policy & Finance - Outline Example Other than that, the need to increase the income and bargaining power in order to move on has been hampered by unemployment, special needs, and the least desirable dwellings and areas(Malpass&Murie, 1999). Therefore, in severe times, the system always seems to fail. Of course, the blame can be easily put on the restricted objectives of the social housing. The separated residual housing provision and the dependency of policy on selected Registered Social Landlords (RSLs) can also be mentioned here as it is very faithfully working towards decreasing the private landlord solution and their number has been rising since the deregulation of housing markets in 1988 (Garnett, 2005). The social housing financial policies thus have a sizeable effect on the degree to which government’s policy agenda is supported.Since housing is also taken as a form of market, it holds a very compound supply and demand route. Thus, the government agendais highly affected. This can be said so, because of market closure, as in this area, finance contains only a few big players in credit allocation because the market contains the roles of future values and borrowing which is what this market is paid for, and market volatility, since the buyers and sellers are the only part of the market that is dominating at a given point in time. Certainly, the affect can also be traced to the externalities and uncertainty(Spicker). After the 1988, the social housing construction was seen to be increased in the times of a new financial regime. Since then, many programs have been dependent over the financing that is private in nature so that the public capital subsidies can be aided. The private funds are thus collected from the financial institutions. The data justifies the previous statement by stating that as a housing benefit, rent subsidies have been largely increased. This means that when the government’s

Why are adjusting entries necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why are adjusting entries necessary - Essay Example A situation that requires an adjustment entry is when an amount in the accounting records of the company has already been recorded but the amount is realized that it is far more than the current accounting period. Consequently, there are other situations that the adjusting journal entries may be required before the company issue the financial statements for example a situation when there is nothing that has been entered into the accounting records for a particular expense or revenue that did occur and require that they are included in the income statement and the balance sheet of the current period. Another situation is when some amount of money has already been entered in the accounting records but it needs to be divided between two or more accounting periods. Adjusting entries are used to measure income and financial position of the company or organization in a very useful and relevant way. For example if the management of the company would wish to know the much they earned during the last few months or years and even its liabilities and assets at particular date. This makes it a necessary reason for making the entries that will indicate the actual and realistic positions to the users. The procedure for making these adjustments and entries must be complete and consistent at the end of each accounting period (Lypko, 2013). Therefore the accountants must ensure that they make these adjustments by analyzing thoroughly the accounts and determine which account requires adjustment. Adjusting entries allows financial statements to be compared through different accounting periods (matching rule). Management of the company can use the adjustment entry journal to analyze whether the company is making progress in terms of earning profits or improving its financial position. For example if the accrued salary expense for a given month is

People and animals Essay Example for Free

People and animals Essay Your role is to find a minimum of three connections between the reading and the world at large. This means connecting the reading to your own life, to happenings in the local and/or global community, to similar events at other times and places, to other people or problems which you are reminded. You might also see connections between this portion of the novel to other parts of it; other writings on the same topic, or similar issues being raised in other classes. Realize that whatever the reading connects you with is worth sharing. PLEASE TYPE YOUR RESPONSES. There are many connections to be made between Crichton’s Jurassic Park and life today. Michael Crichton is not exactly a scientific writer, but he uses real science to back up everything about his novels. He extrapolates the concepts, much as other science fiction writers do. The first example are the sentences â€Å"They are not free at all. They are essentially our prisoners. Unable to survive in real world† (Crichton). This reminds me of animals at a zoo or even the idea of cloning. Natural reproduction in animals is one thing, but making animals for only our purposes is questionable. I realize people breed dogs and other animals to sell, but large scale cloning becomes a little scary. In fact, there are some people now who believe in more rights for animals. These people would be very unhappy with a theme park that clones animals. They are already extremely unhappy with people who keep animals for pets. The next part that reminds me of something else is all the reliance on fences. The people who built Jurassic Park believe the fences will protect them. In the poem â€Å"Mending Wall,† Robert Frost says that before he built a fence, he would want to know what he is walling in or out. The same is true for this novel. First of all, the fence gives the characters a false sense of security. They believe the fence will protect them from the dinosaurs when, in reality, the dinosaurs can escape. However, in walling the dinosaurs out so heavily, they are also walling themselves in. It will be much harder for them to get away if anything would happen. I think we rely on all kinds of fences to give us a false sense of security. I think about gated communities. People buy expensive homes in gated communities to keep â€Å"undesirables† out, but really, it is not hard to leap a fence. If people want your wealth badly enough, they will go over the fence. The Mexican American border is another example. We believe that if we can staff the fence enough with la migra, we can protect ourselves from illegal immigration. The fact is that there is not enough fence to keep the United States from gaining thousands of illegal immigrants each year. Mexico is poverty, and the United States is wealth. Those fences won’t protect us at all. The whole concept of being able to visit a dinosaur park makes me think of eco-tourism and how popular it has become. We all want to get glimpses of true nature. We are willing to make our own land into parking lots, but we will travel to exotic places to see nature unspoiled. Unspoiled nature is not meant for tourists. Before long, garbage and refuse will be left in the rainforests or wherever and destroy the delicate balance of life there. Dinosaurs went extinct for a reason. Maybe we don’t know what the reason is, but they should not be brought back for our amusement. We should not travel to other countries to see animal life and primitive people. It is disrespectful. The last sentence to discuss is â€Å"The history of evolution is that life escapes all barriers† (Crichton). This is what we always forget in creating new things. Once we give something â€Å"life,† anything can happen. People and animals are not meant to be controlled and will always surprise us. The fact that the dinosaurs are breeding should not surprise anyone, but it does. The scientists actually believe that they can create an artificial environment that they can control. But adaptation is always in the works.

Business Ethics Essay (grapes -- essays research papers

Business Ethics Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business ethics are a moral code that people conducting any sort of business should feel honorably obligated to follow. People are definitely morally responsible to follow a code of ethics and should never cheat each other. Parts of this code of ethics should be honesty, integrity, fidelity, charity, responsibility, and self-discipline. Those ethics should apply both to a person buying something, and a person selling something. I don’t believe that a person should be forced to follow the caveat emptor policy, on the basis that it is unfair and unjust both to the buyer and seller. If you are an ethical person, you should not have to warn people to beware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person selling something is morally obligated t...

Fixation and Fixatives

ALCIAN BLUE RATIONALE FOR USE Alcian blue is a water soluble, amphoteric copper phthalocyanine, which is most often used as a basic dye. In general, alcian blue has an affinity for sulfated and carboxylated groups of acid mucopolysaccharides, but the specific group demonstrated is dependent on the dye solution pH. RECOMMENDED FIXATIVES 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin’s fixative. AVOID Chromate Fixatives MODE OF ACTION (1, 2, 3) Alcian blue binds electrostatically with the acidic groups in the mucopolysaccharide molecule.The components to be demonstrated are intensely stained if the dyer solution is used at the specific pH at which the reactive groups are fully ionized. To achieve full ionization of the reactive groups, some alcian blue methods begin with a rinsing of sections in the appropriate pH solution prior to staining with the dye solution. In general, strongly sulfated mucins react more consistently at low pH levels. Above a pH of 1. 0 their reactions are variab le. At a pH of 0. 2 only strongly sulfated mucosubstances will be demonstrated, while weak sulfated mucins stain well between a pH of 1. 0 – 2. 5, and often below 1. . Carboxylated mucins react with alcian blue at pH 2. 5. Alcian blue produces an intense greenish-blue or teal coloration. To ensure this colour is not lost during subsequent chemical and dye treatments, such as those found in the Alcian Blue-Verhoeff’s van Gieson procedure and Movat’s Pentachrome, alcian blue is converted to an insoluble pigment. By exposing alcian blue stained sections to a pre-heated 80Â °C alkaline alcohol solution, alcian blue is converted to the insoluble pigment, monastral fast blue. Further exposure of the sections to various decolorizers and dyes, fails to change the alcian blue intensity.QUALITY CONTROL AND CONTROL MATERIALS 1. Appropriate control tissues include colon and small intestine. If lung sections contain bronchi with mucous glands, are used as a control, the tec h should be aware that cartilage matrix will also stain at approximately pH 2. 5. 2. To avoid coloration of hyaluronic acid found in connective tissue matrix or amorphous ground substance, the tissue section can first be treated with a solution of testicular streptococcal hyaluronidase before staining with alcian blue. Testicular hyaluronidase requires only 2 hours of incubation versus 24 hours with streptococcal hyaluronidase. . Alcian blue powder solubility may decrease after storage of more than three years, but good staining results have been reported with dye lots older than three years (4). 4. The dye solution pH is critical to ensure demonstration of specific chemical groups. pH 0. 2 -only strongly sulfated mucins demonstrated pH1. 0 -strongly and weakly sulfated mucins pH 2. 5 -carboxylated and weakly sulfated mucins 5. To ensure the quality of staining at the appropriate pH, the section may be rinsed in the solvent solution prior to staining in the dye, i. e. , rinsing in p H 2. , 3% aqueous acetic acid solution prior to placing the sections in the pH 2. 5 alcian blue solution, which is prepared by combining alcian blue dye powder in a 3% aqueous acetic acid solution. 6. Some procedures indicate it is important to avoid rinsing the stained slides in water after treatment in alcian blue dye. Blotting the slides dry after staining is recommended. 7. It is important to avoid celloidinization of tissue sections because alcian blue has a strong affinity for celloidin. 8. A white haze may appear on the back of the glass slide after staining with nuclear fast red and contact with the air.Moistening a kimwipe or facial tissue with saliva and rubbing the back of the glass will remove the haze. Follow this with cleaning of the glass using a kimwipe moistened with 100% ethanol to remove the saliva. 9. Cut paraffin sections at 4-6 microns. REFERENCES 1. Bancroft J. D. and Stevens A. : Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, 2nd edition. Churchhill Livingst one, 1982. 2. Kiernan J. A. : Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice, Pergamon Press, 1981. 3. Sheehan D. C. and Hrapchak B. B. : Theory and Practice of Histotechnology, 2nd edition, C.V. Mosby Co. , 1980. 4. Shrenk E. : Note from the Biological Stain Commission-a newly certified dye-Alcian blue 8GX. Stain. Tech. 56(3), 129, 1981. ALCIAN BLUE pH 2. 5 SOLUTIONS a. 1% Alcian Blue Solution – pH 2. 5 Alcian Blue 8GX (C. I. 74240)1gm 3% Glacial acetic acid100ml (3 ml. glacial acetic acid to 97 ml. distilled water) Add a crystal of thymol to prevent mold growth. The solution can be filtered and reused. b. Nuclear Fast Red (Kernechtrot) Solution (pg. 19) PROCEDURES (1, 2) 1. Deparaffinize and hydrate slides to distilled water. (See Note 1) 2.Stain in alcian blue solution for 30 minutes. Filter solution back for reuse. (See Note 2) 3. Wash for 2 minutes in running tap water. 4. Rinse in distilled water. 5. Counterstain in nuclear fast red for 3 to 5 minutes. Quic kly transfer slides to distilled water. Filter solution back for reuse. 6. Rinse slides in distilled water. 7. Dehydrate, clear, and mount. If a cloudy haze appears on the side refer to quality control information, #8. COLOR RESULTS Carboxylated and weakly sulfated acid mucins – light blue to medium greenish blue Nuclei-reddish pink.NOTE 1. After step 1, the slides may be placed in a pH 2. 5, 3% aqueous acetic solution for 1 minute, then proceed to step 2. 2. After step 2, the slides can be blotted dry, instead of rinsing in running tap water and distilled water. Continue the procedure with step 5. REFERENCES 1. Lev R. and Spicer S. S. : Specific staining of sulphate groups, with Alcian blue at low pH. J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 12:309, 1964. 2. Sheenhan D. C. and Hrapchak B. B. : Theory and Practice of Histotechnology, 2nd edition. C. V. Mosby Co. , 1980

Biology Case Study Essay - 624 Words

Case Study 1 1. Johnny has seen the words Sodium Chloride before in his science class with the periodic table. 2. Johnny couldn’t find Sodium Chloride on the periodic table because Sodium Chloride is a molecule made up of two atoms: Sodium and Chloride. 3. Sodium Chloride represents two atoms that together form a molecule: NaCl. Na: Sodium and Cl: Chloride 4. An ionic bond occurs when two or more ions (an atom whose number of elections differs from its number of protons) bond together because of their opposite charge. They are drawn to each other like magnets because of their opposite charge. 5. Sodium Chloride came about because Sodium, a positively charged ion, has one electron in its outermost shell and†¦show more content†¦This is important to remember with a water molecule because the hydrogen bonds between individual molecules and are constantly breaking and then reforming. This allows the molecules to pack close together. 11. Acids are any substance that yields hydrogen ions when put in aqueous solution. In other words, the concentration of hydrogen ions goes up the the further doe the pH scale you go. Bases are any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. Again, the more basic it is the lower the concentration of hydrogen ions. 12. The pH scale is a scale used to measure t he relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The scale ranges from 0 to 14, and figures out the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The lower the pH number, the more acidic the solution is. The higher the pH number, the more basic the solution. 13. At the chemical level, Johnny would be able to tell if something was an acid or a base by the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. 14. H+ refers to a hydrogen ion: a lone proton that has lost its electron making it a positively charged ion. 15. 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